We consider complex sentences, the subordinate parte of which is formally qualified as conditional, however, the semantics features, as well as a repetitive, reproducible model of constructing such sentences, indicate the transformation of conditional relation in them. The research is carried out in the context of studying sentences with subordinate conditions, reasons, purposes, concessions, consequences, combined into a general category of dependence. The material under consideration includes conditional complex sentences, selected by the method of continuous sampling from works of the book style – scientific and publicistic. Structural and semantic analysis of syntactic constructions is accomplished with taking into account the provisions of communicative linguistics. We show that as a result of a combination of linguistic means result, emotionalexpressive nuances, a transformation of meaning, an increment of meaning arise: subordinate clauses lose the semantics of the condition and express different shades of the speaker’s subjective attitude (modus of utterance). We define semantic groups of subordinate clauses in which the meaning of the condition is weakened, transformed or completely lost. We offer a sufficient number of examples to illustrate the invariant features of each group. Structural-semantic and functional properties of the investigated structures allow us to talk about the phraseologization of these structures, through which the communicative potential of the sentence is realized. The described phenomena are noticeably manifested in publicistic speech, which is characterized by information content, evaluativeness, emotionality, accessibility, appeal to the reader.

The work is focused on specific underived nouns that are functioning in the Smolensk patois and in the Belarusian language at the present stage of the existence of these language systems and are quite close, but not identical formations in semantic and structural terms. The subject of the study is the volume of lexical meaning and potential derivational connections of nouns recorded in two synchronous language formations. The relevance of the study is determined by the complex history of the Russian and Belarusian borderland, which is reflected both in the Smolensk patois and in the Belarusian language, which had been created on the dialect basis. The vocabulary of the Russian and Belarusian borderland belongs to a single cultural and historical continuum determined by the history of the region, it reflects the diverse material and spiritual ties of the two language idioms’ speakers. The complexity of the historical relations between the two language systems, one of which is codified and has the status of an official language (Belarusian language), and the second exists only in an oral form and has a norm due to internal language laws of development (Smolensk patois), has led to the fact that when studying two language formations at the present stage, it is possible to speak not only about unambiguous types of relations between words, but also about peripheral types, about zones of various transitions, changes in lexical and grammatical semantics, which can potentially be points of development of two idioms in the future and are therefore valuable for study.

We attempt to consider the reproduction of the meaning of the word HOME in the periphrastic constructions used in the Russian translations of the poem by the Chinese poet Li Bai. Based on analysis of six translations of the poem “Quiet Night Thought” we prove that periphrastic unit is not only used instead of the name of the object, but with the name of the object. We establish that in the translations of the poem by the Chinese author, the periphrastic names representing the concept of HOME reflect the form of thinking due to the semantics read at the nonverbal level. The periphrastic unit HOME is an analogue of the microcosm and macrocosm, transmitting neutral interpretations, which allows the periphrase to convey a relatively complete descriptive meaning, since by its semantics it strives to form a single semantic concept of the concept of “home”. We substantiate that cultural information is not included in the semantic minimum of the sign and may be irrelevant in practice, but the periphrase, as a secondary sign, always has connotations that are especially important in the reflective flow of speech, when the factor of understanding a written translated text is not only decoding of the written text, but also the interpretation of the communicative settings of information of the original text creator. 

This work argues the idea of the semantic priority of phraseological units in expressing of the distinctive qualitative, in particular, emotional, characteristics of a person. We make an attempt to describe phraseological units feature that nominate a person’s emotional state, used in the D.I. Rubina’s works. As a result of a large illustrative material analysis of the author’s card index, the units under consideration can realize the semantics of both negative and positive assessment by a person of objects, state, intelligence, facts and events of reality that cause emotions, as well as rejection of something. A sufficient quantitative representation of emotive units in the author’s card index allows us to identify the “buildup of meanings” in the content of the phraseological units. According to F. Brentano, the traditionally drawn border between the external and the internal is conditional not only because there are phenomena that belong to the field of research both natural science, and psychology. It is found that “...not only the physical changes of the physical state are caused, but the mental – the mental ones, but the physical state can also result in the mental, and the mental state – the physical” (Vide: History of Philosophy: Encyclopedia. Available at: http://velikanov.ru/philosophy/brentano.asp/). Thus, the layering of phraseological nominations of characteristic semantics is presented, the nuclear and peripheral meanings of the substantial volume of the analyzed units are determined.

One of the most detailed systems of terms in regional dialect systems of the language is the terminology of rivers and river valleys, lakes and lake basins. We explore the repertoire of folk geographical terms used in the patois of the Kostroma Region, which are associated with such part of the river valley as the coast. We analyze language units, on the one hand, in the coordinates of the lexical and semantic group, on the other, in relation to the designated objects. We identify the correspondence of terms and their semantics to the nominated forms of coastal relief. In the plan “Program of collecting information for the lexical atlas of Russian folk patois” we consider the general names of the coast and the names that actualize its morphological characteristics – the names of low, low-level and high steep coast, the names of coastal relief forms, such as a cape and a sandbank. At the lexical and semantic level, we trace the connection of local names with the terminological system of the geographical landscape. The repertoire of the terms group under consideration includes mainly words with a transparent inner form, their semantics reflect the features of the coastal relief. At the same time, in the Kostroma Region’s patois, words of obscure origin are encountered, which can be attributed to the substrate vocabulary. In general, the nomenclature of the terms under consideration fits into the concept of the vocabulary continuity of the Kostroma patois. 

We attempt to consider Russian phraseological units with the components “eyes” and “animal”, with the help of which a person is compared with a positive or negative image of domestic or wild animals. We establish that zoonymic adjectives act as a means of interpreting phraseological units, mainly such characteristics of a person’s appearance as facial features and facial expressions are interpreted. We prove that the composition of phraseological units with the “eye” component for the most part contains a comparison of a person with domestic animals, which is reflected in a relative adjective. We substantiate that adjectives derived from zoonyms reflect a different degree of phraseological activity and indicate a greater degree of human interaction with domestic animals compared to wild animals. We express a judgment that entering the area of figurative meanings of Russian relative adjectives in phraseological units with a component of “eyes” such as ram, ox, crawfish, lynx, pig, dog, etc. introduces new information into the circulation of research, but at the same time eliminates such fundamental linguistic antinomy as synchronicity and diachrony.

We consider the educational text as a cognitive fund of scientific achievements, which is explicated in the communicative field of “educational discourse”, which predetermines its differential features that distinguish it from other texts by formal and substantive criteria. We prove that the educational text indicates not only what is really present in it, but also what is subject to semantic inference. Based on the educational text, students make inferences, which is facilitated by the cognitive mechanism “perspectivization”. We establish that this is one of the main cognitive mechanisms that can serve to form the projection of educational discourse in the individual mind. From the standpoint of the relationship of cognitive (educational), communicative, linguistic criteria, we prove that it is the mechanism of “perspectivization” that presupposes the advancement of such a text sign as a title, represented by words or phrases correlated with words in the direct meaning. The title of the educational text reflects the information of the conceptual structure of the entire educational text and dictated by the need for the process of understanding the educational text and comprehending the various metatext created on the basis of educational texts. We make the assumption that the units of the educational text act as a means of representing other conceptual areas, since the educational text reflects the semantic function of the language. 

Is devoted to the study of the concept of “happiness” based on the novel by Elizabeth Gilbert “Eat. Pray. Love”. The object of the study is fiction travel literature. The subject is the concept of “happiness” and its translation features from English into Russian. The purpose of this study is to identify typical cognitive models “happiness is...” and to study the translation features of fiction travel literature. The study identified and analyzed the cognitive models that make up the concept of “happiness” in the analyzed novel: 1) enjoyment of food; 2) search for peace of mind and your inner “I”; 3) love; 4) obtaining new knowledge; 5) travel; 6) being alone. The corpus of examples is 100 units. The analysis of the factual material showed that the most frequent grammatical transformations include grammatical substitutions; the most popular lexical and semantic transformations are modulation and concretization; omissions and additions make up the most commonly used additional translation transformations. Based on the analyzed linguistic units, we conclude that the cognitive model laid down by Elizabeth Gilbert in the concept of “happiness” in American culture is reflected in other cultures as well, representing a universal value.

The work is devoted to the description of one of the modern research methods in linguistics – modeling. We present theoretical material about modeling and substantiate the idea that this method is an effective way of analyzing and interpreting information of not only scientific, but also artistic type. The purpose of the work is an attempt to study and describe the modeling method based on the conceptosphere of Russian-speaking writers in Kazakhstan. In this regard, we define our attitude to the concepts of the concept and conceptosphere. The modeling method is considered as a way to highlight the structural features of a concept, based on its definition as a conditionally mental structure that does not exist outside of thinking. The results of the analysis lead to the conclusion that systemic research in this area is promising. 

This work is devoted to the study of motivation using conceptual analysis as one of the main research methods in Cognitive Linguistics. The subject of the research is the conceptual characteristics of motivation. The relevance of the research topic is represented by the fact that the issue of expressing motivation in speech has been of interest to many scientists for a long time. However, there is no consensus on many issues in the study of motivation. This is due to the fact that linguistic means that represent motivation in differently structured languages are very diverse. Motivation is not always represented by primary means, and native speakers often use secondary structures that need thorough consideration. The question arises how to systematize the knowledge behind motivation and the speech means that express it. To do this, we should turn to modern methods of linguistics which allow us to consider motivation as a system of knowledge. The purpose of the study is to prove that linguistic means that represent motivation can be grouped on the basis of conceptual characteristics of motivation. Research methods: analysis, synthesis, descriptive method, conceptual analysis as the main method. It is proved that conceptual analysis allows to systematize and study the knowledge behind motivation. The results obtained can be used in the study of motivation in English and Russian as part of final qualification works. The following conclusions are made: 1) it is proved that conceptual analysis allows to identify the main conceptual characteristics of motivation; 2) it is proved that motivation can be represented as a cluster concept;  3) it is also proved that a variety of linguistic means convey motivation including secondary language structures.  

The purpose of the research is to study the variety of functions performed by a noun in the modern German language. We consider the noun grammatical categories, determine the place of the case grammatical category among the noun grammatical categories on the material of modern German language. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that, when studying the case category, the genitive case is singled out from the case system, on the one hand, as disappearing, on the other, as a marker of the syntactic functions of a noun. We define the role of the article, to which many foreign and domestic linguists attribute an auxiliary function along with a noun, calling it the accompanying noun. As a result of the study, we identify the features of a noun functioning in German language, determine the cases functions, and indicate the reasons for the displacement of the genitive case from the case system of the German language and the defining role of the article in the formation of a sentence meaning.

The work displays progress and results of the quantitative study of poetry book reviews published in the Russian-language literary periodicals in recent years (2014–2019). We describe the method of material selection (chronological framework, range of sources – literary and philological journals, newspapers, – criteria for selection of literary-critical texts), the method of calculating the volume of material. We give the main quantitative characteristics of the received corpus: total number and total volume of texts, average annual number and volume, average volume of one review (calculated both for the entire array and separately for review-digest – bibliographic leaflets), number of reviewers, number of sources. All sources, which are 46 literary publications, are divided into three groups, depending on the published volume of reviews. The work contains a brief description of these publications in connection with the review activity: the presence and features of literary-critical strategy, rubrication, etc. The appendices to the work provide detailed quantitative data. The research collects a significant corpus of texts (more than 400 a. s.) describing and analyzing contemporary Russian poetry. The quantitative data obtained for the first time helps to form a relevant scientific picture of “who makes Russian literature today”.

The work of M.N. Zagoskin, a famous novelist and playwright, is associated primarily with historical novels, which were kindly acclaimed by the most talented writers and critics of the 19th century. The perception of the author’s dramatic works was not unambiguous. The author was accused of excessive imitativeness, lack of originality in the images construction, the dialogues development. Analysis of the structure, ideological content, principles of creating characters in M.N. Zagoskin’s plays allows us to speak of the author as a comedian, one of the first to apply realistic principles in the plays’ creation. Such a revolutionary approach consisted mainly of creating an images system: “positive” and “negative” characters in varying degrees, but still endowed with vices. M.N. Zagoskin was able to reflect in his comedies plots the often curiosity of the existing order of things. The senselessness of the noble elite's existence was deduced by the playwright using the example of the characters popular at that time: both positive and negative characters are endowed with “fashionable” personality characteristics. The author shows that contemporary society is struck by the “disease” of imitativeness, and this could become the reason for the loss of national identity. The comedy legacy of M.N. Zagoskin does not lose its relevance, it is highly appreciated from the point of view of ideological content, innovation and patriotic pathos. 

The work is devoted to the character and contextual levels analysis of A.N. Ostrovsky’s play “The Snow Maiden”. The Berendey country as the embodiment of the pagan world is not only a place for the major events development, but it also symbolizes a special era in Russian history: the contact of two mutually exclusive principles – monotheism and polytheism. Evidences of these principles are the gospel parallels presented by A.N. Ostrovsky through a love sense, which the inhabitants of the Berendey country interpret in a pagan, but not in the Orthodox aspect. Using synthesis and analogy, which are the leading research methods of this work, it is possible to prove the contextual closeness of Snow Maiden and Mizgir, characters, originally isolated from the society of the Berendey country, and also to identify the specifics of application of the grotesque, the main literary device used by A.N. Ostrovsky. It is proved that A.N. Ostrovsky’s play is close to V. Hugo’s novel “Notre Dame de Paris” as a work where the grotesque seriously determines the author’s intention. The idea of the play is also analyzed in the format of continuity, as evidenced by the parallelism between “The Snow Maiden” and “Thunderstorm” – in these works the characters sometimes have similar formulations, that is why typification concept analysis is seems acceptable, which allows to analyze the characters in the context of the theory of K.G. Jung’s archetypes. Therefore, the considered task of this work is searching for bringing together contextual beginnings and analysis of the play’s chronotope – system-forming aspects that allow us to characterize the work not only as an extravaganza, but also as a text that occupies a special place in the playwright’s creative heritage. This research will be of great interest to everyone who studies the work of A.N. Ostrovsky in the format of literary studies, as well to researchers of pagan and orthodox motives in Russian literature of the 19th century. 

This work is devoted to the actual issue of adequate interpretation of a fictional work in the spiritual and moral aspect. We analyze the novelette of A.I. Kuprin’s “Olesya” from the point of Orthodox spiritual thought, focusing on the concepts of “human nature” and “natural human”, we reveal the admitted distortions in the images interpretation of the main characters of the work. Olesya’s personality, despite a number of attractive and original features, is incompatible with the concept of harmony and natural purity. Having inherited from her grandmother and mother a penchant for witchcraft and having learned the techniques of fortunetelling and hypnosis, she stubbornly refuses to perceive Divine grace. However, the situation is aggravated by the fact that she did not have a single positive example of a person living according to the Gospel Commandments. Ivan Timofeevich, who calls himself a believer, knows the Holy Scriptures and the Orthodox doctrine, nevertheless steps on a disastrous path. Loneliness, lack of a clear goal in life and useful activities lead him to a false understanding of freedom, love, beauty, as a result of which he becomes a victim of his own passions. As a result of the analysis, we conclude that the romantic story described in the A.I. Kuprin’s novelette, not only cannot serve as an ideal image of love, but should be considered as an example of mental obscuration and enslavement of a human’s passion, the result of which is always bitter and tragic. True human nature is most adequately described in Orthodox Anthropology, the most important postulate of which is the assertion of human sinful damage and the need to restore theomorphic personality.  

We consider the color designation features in the poetic texts of Russian and French poets. An appeal to the lyric poetry of great writers from a chosen perspective expands and concretizes the existing ideas about the individual features of the authors’ style. Analysis object is the language units of poetry by S.A. Esenin and E. Verhaeren, containing color semantics. A comparative analysis of several works representative within the framework of the declared theme reveals the similarities and differences in the color palette of Esenin and Verhaeren’s lyrics. We consider the semantics of blue, white, yellow, red colors and their shades in poems of poets. Special attention is paid to the golden color poetics, the use of which is also focused on religious symbolism. We designate the vectors of changes in the set of colors in different periods of Esenin and Verhaeren’s creative activity, the dependence of the changes in the color scale on the general pathos of the poets and the events of their personal biography is determined. We clarify the reasons for the differences in color solutions in the landscape and philosophical poetry, explained by the authors’ belonging to different literary trends and national traditions. We provide examples of discrepancies in existing Russian translations of E. Verhaeren’s works with the provision of our own translations.

In the core of the research is a modern Russian historical narrative for children. On the example of the historical adventure fiction “The Ghost of the Network” written by Tamara Kryukova the work identifies and describes the main characteristics of this type of narrative due to the trends in modern children’s literature, features of modern teenagers’ world perception, changed conditions of social life, etc. The artistic narrative is analyzed in the mainstream of discursiveness due to its open and fluid nature, the cultural and historical nature of the narrative artistic discourse and its inclusion in a wide cultural and discursive context, the polyphonic nature of the stories that form the basis of the narrative discourse of Tamara Kryukova’s children story “The Ghost of the Network”, which covers almost 700 years old and takes the reader to the distant era of Ancient Russia, the main “ingredients” of the historical narrative include the author’s fantasy in the form of a ghost from ancient history, which frightens a scientist who finds himself on a night highway, completely deserted by a mystical coincidence. The leading method is narrative analysis. Thematic and discourse analysis is used as an auxiliary method. In the course of the study, conclusions are drawn. The work reveals the features of a modern children’s historical narrative, combining elements of an adventure-fantasy genre, interweaving the past and the present, history and fiction, taking into account the peculiarities of a modern teenager, living not only in real, but also in virtual space. The enrichment of this story allows the authors to achieve cultural and historical continuity, give the text a semantic dimension, educational meanings, and include modern linguocultural national knowledge in it. 

The concept and phenomenon of discourse as a social phenomenon has been of interest to researchers-methodologists for a long time. The diversity of opinions and approaches to definition also contributes to the development of modern discourse theory. In the formation of social institutions, discursive characteristics take on a new meaning and are modified for individual participants in the communication process. We propose the author’s definition of the term “pedagogical discourse”, which is understood as the process of communicative-speech interaction of communicants, carried out in order to achieve certain pedagogical goals that contribute to the socialization of the student in society. We also propose the author’s interpretation of the term “educational discourse”, which is a set of educational and methodological techniques aimed at increasing the level of training of participants in the formation of the communication process between the teacher and the student. We present a model for the formation of the discourse space of the educational environment of the university, represented by three types of discourses – pedagogical, educational and academic. The interrelation of discourses among themselves determines the structure of the discourse space and involves the creation of educational-pedagogical, academic-pedagogical and educational-pedagogical discourse. Each of the types of discourse serves a specific purpose. The work also explores and analyzes the existing definitions of discourse space. We bring the following definition of discursive space – a complexly organized structure within a social institution, in the center of which is an individual producing discourses interconnected with each other taking into account linguistic and extralinguistic norms and sociocultural implications.

The heroic Epic “Manas”, the artistic heritage of the Kyrgyz people, is widespread not only in the Kyrgyz Republic, but also among ethnic Kyrgyz living in the People’s Republic of China. Here the epic exists in several versions in the mouths of numerous manaschi narrators, among which the most famous is the manaschi Jusup Mamay. The interest of the scientific world to “Manas” is enormous, which explains the relevance of the issue under consideration. Researches on this unique monument of verbal folklore are conducted not only by scientists from Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Great Britain, France, Turkey, but also by scientists from the People’s Republic of China. The work purpose is to highlight the exploratory activity of Chinese scientists in the field of Manas Studies. Among them the most famous for their deep scientific research are Muhammed Hu Zhenhua, Lan Yin, Adyl Jumaturdu, Mambetturdu Mambetakun, Tokon Isak, Ysakbek Beishenbek. They made a huge contribution to the development of Manas Studies in China. However, their research is still little known in Russian and Kyrgyz folklore studies, which significantly narrows the research field in the study of the Kyrgyz heroic epic “Manas”. We consider the research of Chinese Manas Studies scholars, briefly describe their scientific books, articles, define their contribution to the world Manas Studies. This work significantly adds to the data on scientists who study the Epic “Manas”.

We analyze ex-libris of Tambov owners of the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. The relevance of the research is due to the need to fill the historiographic gap in the study of private libraries of the pre-revolutionary Tambov region. The main source for the work is the collection of civil press books, stored in the Tambov Regional Universal Scientific Library named after A.S. Pushkin. The significance of this collection is determined by the personality of bibliophiles – outstanding statesmen and public figures of the Russian Empire. On their estates, they were able to accumulate huge collections, in terms of the variety of repertoire not inferior to the libraries of Feofan Prokopovich, D.M. Golitsyn, M.V. Lomonosov. The collections contain many ex-libris, reflecting the ownership of a particular edition. The study of the identified collections and their book signs formed the basis of the substantial conclusions of the publication. We analyze the main characteristics of the most common types of ex-libris, showing the transition from a heraldic sign to a plot-shaped one. Consideration of the graphic material of the region’s largest libraries (collections of S.D. Sheremetyev, L.A. Voeikov, A.K. Kugushev, A.N. Nortsov) allows us to talk about the rich book culture of the owners of manor libraries of the second half of the 19th – early 20th century, a variety of plots and artistic performance of the created ex-libris.