INTRODUCTION. The concepts of “nationalism” and “patriotism”, “nazification” and “denazification” are used in the modern context without taking into account the history of their formation, which increases the possible escalation of social conflicts. The purpose of study – is to identify the causes and consequences of linguistic manipulation of the concept of “patriotism” and the criteria for its distinction with the concept of “nationalism”.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. The studied facts of history examine the stages of development of nationalism and patriotism in the countries of Europe, the Russian Empire, the USSR and in the post-Soviet space. To study their interaction, a comparative historical method of understanding reality is used.

RESEARCH RESULTS. The types of states that are built on different principles depending on the attitude of the power elites to patriotism and nationalism are analyzed: (1) protonationalism of Ancient Greece, formed on the basis of slavery; (2) nationalism in Europe with an amendment to the inviolability of property and individual freedom in bourgeois states, justifying the colonization of “unenlightened” peoples;  3) patriotism in the Russian Empire, established on the basis of Orthodoxy and citizenship, taking into account national and territorial covertness; (4) Soviet patriotism, built on the ideology of internationalism, equality and unity of national republics; (5) neopatriotism, which excludes nationalism as an ideology of superiority “titular” of a nation or state.

CONCLUSION. The signs of nationalism are determined, revealing its destructive essence and making it possible to consolidate the social essence of patriotism in the structure of personal, state and interethnic relations. the significance of the model of openness of cultures, economies, religions and languages that create conditions for the formation of multipolar civilizations is substantiated.

INTRODUCTION. The research will be useful not only to linguists and literary scholars, but also to literature teachers, since the works of L. Andreev are included in the school curriculum. The purpose of the work is to identify the semantic potential of L. Andreev’s story “Kusaka”. The relevance of the study is due to the need to study L. Andreev’s literary texts for modern philological science from the point of view of identifying the ability of units of different levels that are interconnected to act as markers of the mythical-poetic code.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. The material of this work is the text of L. Andreev’s story “Kusaka”, which is a system of multi-level units, the analysis of which contributes to a deeper penetration into the author’s artistic intention. The work uses both general scientific and special linguistic methods: the method of linguistic observation and description, etymological, word-formation, onomastic, contextual, stylistic and linguocultural types of analysis.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. It is shown that the literary text  of L. Andreev is characterized by the interrelation of units of different levels, revealing the mythopoetic basis of the story, represented by the oppositions friend–foe, ligh–darkness, sound–silence. The dominant elements of the story are the lexemes house, yard, garden, sun, darkness. The diminutives used by the author when describing the girl and the dog create the image of a toy that is interesting and desirable in the present, but may be abandoned in the future due to loss of interest in it. Proper names (zoonyms Zhuchka, Kusaka, Kusachka and anthroponyms Lelya, Ilyusha, Dogaevs) and their absence have a special meaning.

CONCLUSION. As in most of  L. Andreev’s works, the story “Kusaka”, demonstrating the struggle of light with darkness, presents the path of gaining (Kusaka) and losing the soul (Lyolya and other people who for some reason are called kind). All this happens against the background of natural cyclicality – winter– spring–summer–autumn–... correlate with the natural processes of birth-development-old agedeath. Coming after the departure of the people who abandoned Kusaka, who again turned into just a nameless dog, the hopeless dark night becomes a symbol of lost hope, lost happiness.

INTRODUCTION. The work is devoted to the study of participles use in M.Yu. Lermontov’s works. The relevance and scientific novelty lies in the study of the participle in the functionalspeech aspect. The aim is to analyze different literary genres of one author within the framework of a systematic description of the functional plan of participles and the formation of a generalizing theory of functional participle studies.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study aims to analyze the artistic (poetic and prose) contexts in which different types of participles are used. It focuses on the functional and syntactic features of participles based on the novel “The Hero of Our Time” and the poem “Sad Demon, Spirit of Exile”. Using the selective sampling method, contexts containing participles were extracted from the Russian National Corpus. The analysis of these contexts was conducted using observation, description, and analysis methods.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. The classification of participles functioning in M.Yu. Lermontov’s literary texts of different genres, which has three bases, is presented: 1) by type of units: participles-phraseological units, participles-metaphors; 2) by type of functions: predicative (with a verbal bundle, with a verbal bundle in inversion order), attributive participles; 3) by semantic nature: non-objectified, adjectivated, substantive participles.

CONCLUSION. The study of M.Yu. Lermontov’s usage of different types of participles in his novel and poem aids in determining the origins of features that have since become traditional in Russian poetry and prose across various genres. This study aims to conduct a purposeful comparative analysis of functional variations within different styles, genres, and artistic trends.

RELEVANCE. The purpose of the study is a linguo-stylistic analysis of the means of creating сonversationality in the lyrics of A.A. Voznesensky, E.A. Yevtushenko, R.I. Rozhdestvensky. The specifics of the individual author’s use of сonversationality indicators in Russian poetry of the 2nd half of the XX century have not been studied enough.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. To achieve this goal, the methods of linguistic stylistic and contextual analysis were used. The multilevel means of creating сonversationality in the poetic texts of A.A. Voznesensky, E.A. Yevtushenko, R.I. Rozhdestvensky served as the material for linguistic and stylistic analysis.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION. The following means of creating a category of сonversationality in the lyrics of A.A. Voznesensky, E.A. Yevtushenko, R.I. Rozhdestvensky are analyzed: words with colloquial or colloquially reduced coloration, colloquial vocabulary, substitute words, empty words; ellipsis; incomplete, incomplete and non-union sentences; relatives-communicatives; pronominal correlates in the form of nominative case and others. The characterological function of lexical indicators of сonversationality in the language of poetry is revealed (speech portraits of the lyrical hero and other participants of communication are created).

CONCLUSION. The results of the study complement the information available in the scientific literature on the means of creating colloquialism in monological speech and can be used as part of the philological analysis of the text.

INTRODUCTION. The study relevance is due to the need for a cognitive-semantic analysis of the mechanism of epithetization in M. Tsvetaeva’s texts. This is due to the central position of the characteristic vocabulary and the category of epithet in the poet’s individual style. The aim is connected to the study of the individual style specificity of the attribute verbalization of the concept “love” in M. Tsvetaeva’s texts, in the course of which the role of epithetization in the individual style system of the poet under study is revealed, the semantic content of this concept in  M. Tsvetaeva’s texts, as well as the types of epithet words that verbalize this meaning.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. Based on cognitive-semantic, component, lexicographic and lexicalsemantic, as well as statistical methods of analysis, the attribute verbalization of the concept “love” in M. Tsvetaeva’s texts is analyzed. The analysis of the characteristic nomination is carried out on the basis of the “Epithets of the Russian Literary Language Dictionary”. While studying the patterns of attribute verbalization of love in the poet’s texts, the main types of qualitative meanings actualized by the poet are identified.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. The main trend within the framework of figurative understanding of the properties of this abstract concept was the anthropomorphization of “love”, personification, and the frequent use of metaphorical and metonymic epithet words with the defined concept “love”. Occasional features are expressed both by adjectival epithets and by lexemes atypical for epithet words, the most frequent of which is the substantive. The epithet paradigm, which verbalizes the characteristics of the concept under consideration, is represented by simple as well as compound epithet complexes in various positional variations.

CONCLUSION. The research is addressed to specialists in the field of studying artistic speech, stylistics, linguistic poetics, cognitive linguistics, and linguistic color studies. The conclusion is postulated that M. Tsvetaeva’s creative style is distinguished by reflection on characteristic words, hints on the interpretation of their semantics or direct commentary. Various ways of verbalizing the characteristic component of the concept “love” emphasize the significance of this concept for the poet’s work. The study results can be used in further developments on the problem of epithetization in the Russian language and linguistic studies of M. Tsvetaeva’s creation.

INTRODUCTION. The problem of research and preservation of disappeared names of geographical objects through toponymic commemorative practices is considered. An analysis is given of the activities of mass communications, thanks to which the memory of bygone toponyms is passed on to future generations of residents of the country as a whole and individual regions, and the local toponymic martyrology is regularly updated with new names. The purpose of the study is to identify the role of toponymic commemorative practices in the study and preservation of disappeared names of geographical objects located on the territory of the Russian Federation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. Using specific examples from the experience of the Voronezh Region on the successful implementation of toponymic commemorative practices, their main types are considered, recommendations are given to public authorities and local governments on how to work in this direction. The empirical base of the study consists of alphabetical lists of geographical names of previously existing settlements registered in the automated state catalog of geographical names, publications in the media and in scientific publications.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. It is shown that the main types of toponymic commemorative practices can be the installation of commemorative signs, information plaques, chapels, monuments on the site of disappeared settlements, the publication of relevant local history materials, works of art and memoirs of former residents of these settlements in regional and district media, the holding of mass cultural and historical events.

CONCLUSION. Communication practices are a reliable channel for preserving the memory of disappeared settlements and their names and transmitting relevant historical and toponymic information to subsequent generations of Russians. To this end, the state authorities and local governments of the subjects of the Russian Federation are recommended to apply toponymic commemorative practices in their activities.

INTRODUCTION. A cognitive-discourse analysis of the 2023 banking crisis (BC) metaphor is presented. The need to comprehend current events through a multi-level analysis of economic discourse and its components, the task of modeling a cognitive metaphor in economic media texts that carry information about business in order to identify the dominant metaphorical models characteristic of economic discourse, the feasibility of determining general trends in the development of economic discourse through comparative analysis of the metaphor of BC and EC (economic crisis) determines the relevance of the topic.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study of sources of English-language business economic information (March-December 2023) was conducted on the basis of the following methods: continuous sampling, descriptive and comparative, cognitive modeling method.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. The most frequent metaphorical models were identified: “BC is a person”, “BC is a disease”, “BC is a natural disaster”, “BC is a road” and a new model “BC is the process of cooking”. Established metaphors are characterized by processuality, and the complexity of concepts acting as source spheres ensures the semantic irradiation of the main concept due to the transformation of the meanings and assessments collectively reflected in it and leads to the consolidation of metaphors in economic discourse. Dominant metaphorical models also dominate the representation of EC 2008–2012. Comparing the metaphors of two economic crises allows us to identify some general trends in the development of economic discourse.

CONCLUSIONS. The combination of different metaphorical models enhances their impact on the addressee. Metaphorical meaning generation is an ongoing process that creates a cognitive frame for the perception of economic discourse. Prospects for further research consist in considering the interaction of metaphorical models with each other and with other means of influence – precedent phenomena, emotive and euphemistic vocabulary, phraseology.

The work reveals a problem of the part-of-speech composition in terms of the English and Russian languages in international air law. The study presents an analysis of the parts of speech included in the term structure in international air law according to the criterion of certain terminological field. The purpose of the study is to determine the most characteristic part-of-speech composition for the terms of several groups, identified on the basis of a common field in terminological systems Russian and English. This principle of analysis helps to compare terminological groups in different language systems. The objectives of the study were to identify the frequency of a certain part-ofspeech structure for the terms of the Russian and English languages. The work presents an empirical study, which prove that the proposed version of the analysis makes it possible to compare each lexical and semantic group in the English language with the Russian language in terms of the frequency of a certain part-of-speech structure; to identify the main dynamics in certain part-ofspeech structures in the English and Russian terminological systems of international air law. Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions were made: comparative analysis of the partof-speech structure based on the criterion of a single semantic core within the branch of international air law is the most objective criterion that allows the comparison of terms from two different language systems within the framework of cross-linguistic research; part-of-speech structures of terms are directly related to the structural features of the Russian and English languages.  

INTRODUCTION. We examine the secondary evaluative categorization of educational activities in English. Secondary evaluative categorization is based on already formed knowledge obtained through experience, which is the basis for the processes of cognitive modeling, represented by metaphorical, metonymic, metaphtonymic models and conceptual comparison. The identified types of modeling, which are activated in the processes of secondary evaluative categorization of educational activities, lead to the formation of inferential knowledge of the evaluative type which reveals the specifics of evaluative focus in the domain of educational activities. The figurative nature of such knowledge helps to enhance the expressive potential of the statement.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. The methodological basis of this study is the method of cognitive modeling, which allows us to comprehend the hidden processes of formation of secondary evaluative knowledge. The works of domestic and foreign scientists were used as material for theoretical analysis. The material for practical analysis was the examples obtained by the method of continuous sampling from the enclosures (BNC, COCA). Journalistic texts, data from English-language dictionaries and Internet information resources were also used as illustrative material.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. The research shows that the evaluative knowledge about educational activities is presented in the form of ethical, normative, psychological, utilitarian and teleological evaluations. The objects of evaluation are the characteristics of the concept UPBRINGING. The analysis proves that metaphorical modeling has the greatest potential in the formation of secondary evaluative knowledge, since in the process of such modeling the observer’s attention is focused on a larger number of aspects of educational activity, and the largest number of types of evaluative knowledge in comparison with other cognitive models.

CONCLUSION. The prospect of the study lies in the possibility of using the given results in the research of secondary evaluative categorization of other objects and in the study of the processes of cognitive modeling in the formation of evaluation.

RELEVANCE. The outstanding Russian poet Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin is one of the few authors who, in his artistic work, theologically comprehended human existence, man’s place in the world and his relationship to the Creator and Creator of the world. The object of study in the article is the spiritual poetry of G.R. Derzhavin; The subject of the study is the poet’s religious ideas about man and his relationship with God and the world around him, reflected in the genre of spiritual ode. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the expression of the Orthodox worldview of G.R. Derzhavin in episodes of his biography and poetic creativity using the example of a spiritual ode.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. In accordance with the interdisciplinary nature of the research, the author used a combination of philological, historical and theological scientific methods, the most important of which were historical-biographical, intertextual and hermeneutic.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION. The analysis of G.R. Derzhavin’s biographical facts and the memoirs of his contemporaries made it possible to characterize the poet as a person deeply rooted in the Orthodox faith striving to get aware of Divine truths, as well as to convey the highest moral law to a wide circle of his readers through verbal creativity. A review of works written in the genre of spiritual odes and based on a number of psalms, as well as a theological and philological analysis of the ode “God” made it possible to identify semantic and ideological connections of the author’s worldview with the dogmatic and anthropological teaching of the Orthodox Church. By revealing the theological content of the lexemes “slave” – “king”, “worm” – “God”, the author of the article resolves the apparent antinomy and gives an interpretation of these words from the point of view of Orthodox anthropology.

CONCLUSION. As a result of the research, the author comes to the conclusion that the pinnacle of G.R. Derzhavin’s poetic creativity is the ode “God”, which fully reveals the features of the poet’s Orthodox worldview, in particular, its anthropological and soteriological aspects. The main theme of the ode is the greatness of God, in whom man is called to believe, who he must constantly thank, humbly and lovingly magnify and glorify, treading in the steps of King David, the Old Testament psalmist.

RELEVANCE. Pictorial discourse is an essential element of F.M. Dostoevsky’s artistic creativity, which performs a special symbolic function and provides additional semantic load. The purpose  of the study is to analyze the symbolic content of the canvas by the Spanish artist D. Velasquez “Portrait of Pope Innocent the X” (1650) in the context of the author’s idea for the story by  F.M. Dostoevsky “The Meek One” (1876).

MATERIALS AND METHODS. The object of the study is the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky “The Meek One”, published in the November issue of the Writer’s Diary for 1876, as well as handwritten editions and rough sketches for the story. The methodological basis of the research includes the method of comparative historical and hermeneutical-interpretative analysis. The interdisciplinary nature of the research is due to the appeal to theological, philosophical, historical and art criticism issues.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION. During the research, the presence of a symbolic correlation between the portrait of the pontiff and the image of the Pawnbroker was revealed. The motives of deception, despotic domination, fear and secret voluptuousness mutually intersect and complement each other, forming a double portrait of the pope and the hero of the story. For Dostoevsky himself, the image of Pontiff Innocent X could be a kind of personification of the Catholic institution of the Papacy and the tendencies hidden in it towards spiritual despotism and absolute domination over man. A vivid artistic device, which was never realized in the final version of the story, acquires special significance and sound in the context of Dostoevsky’s anti-Catholic polemic.

CONCLUSION. The symbolic function of the papal portrait has an important conceptual significance, both within the author’s idea of the story “The Meek One” and beyond it in the context of Dostoevsky’s anti-Catholic discourse. The obtained conclusions make important adjustments to the further study of the story by F.M. Dostoevsky, deepening its semantic meaning.

INTRODUCTION. We analyze a special type of newspaper literature from the beginning 20th century, it is provincial satirical magazines from the time of the First Russian revolution. The purpose of the study is to analyze the editorial activities of Yekaterinburg satirical magazines 1906– 1907.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. Based on the comparative historical method, an attempt was made to identify the specifics of provincial satirical magazines in comparison with capital magazines, to understand the specifics of the work of the editor of such a magazine, and the publishing behavior of the authors.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION. Provincial magazines more boldly outlined the main themes of satirical magazine poetry and prose of this time. At the same time, they managed to exist for a longer time. Such magazines represent a qualitatively new printing, publishing, and poetry product. They turned out to be in demand by the provincial reader of that time (1906–1907).

CONCLUSION. The study of the genre-thematic unity of the satirical magazine can be applied to the study of other Ural satirical magazines.

RELEVANCE. The study is devoted to understanding and identifying the significance of the eastern style of philosophy and aesthetics of Taoism in the work of the prominent representative of Russian symbolism Andrey Bely (Boris Nikolaevich Bugaev), who determined the development of the literary process (modernist and post-modernist movements) and art of the first third of the 20th century and influenced the further development Russian literature. The purpose of the study is to show the conceptual content of the aesthetic thought of the Russian philosopher and symbolist poet through the prism of Taoism and to clarify the presence of Eastern traditional wisdom (“Tao Te Ching”) in the construction of A. Bely’s theory of symbolism.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. The research material was the collected works of A. Bely. The translation of the book “Tao Te Ching” written by the great Chinese thinker Lao Tzu, presented for the first time for the Russian-speaking reader, was used.” When solving research problems, a description method with the interpretive function of language was used, that is, a method of studying the interpretation of knowledge about the world. In our case, the interpretation of Taoism is focused on the interpretive activity of an individual creative personality, which always presupposes the subjective selectivity of the word.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION. An analysis of the work of A. Bely showed that in reflecting the problems of the symbol, the philosophical principles of symbolism, in addition to two sources, they participate: on the one hand, the ideas of the Slavophiles, arising from the philosophy of V. Solovyov, on the other hand, the system of Western philosophy (the ideas  of A. Schopenhauer and F. Nietzsche), a reflection of the creative borrowing of Eastern wisdom, ideas and functions of Chinese literature. The originality of the imaginative thinking of the Russian symbolist poet, who, in accordance with his spiritual nature, followed his bright creative path, is reflected in the development of the artistic method – symbolism.

CONCLUSION. The idea of A. Bely’s symbolism is based on the compatibility of the concepts of various thinkers, including philosophizing in the Taoist style. A. Bely created a unified symbolic picture of the world - the unification of artistic, aesthetic, religious, mystical and everyday ideas and knowledge about the world into one whole. The connecting sign of this unification is the Symbol, which has a pronounced authorial character, has an infinity of boundaries of value, and not a semantic individual interpretation of the word and broadcasts the manifestation of systemic pluralism, revealing the essence of the world and being.

INTRODUCTION. The study is devoted to the creative biography of the poet and translator  N.I. Glazkov (1919–1979), inextricably linked with his travels around the Soviet Union, which inspired him to new poems and translations. He shared his poems and impressions in letters to numerous correspondents, a significant part of whom lived in Tambov. N.I. Glazkov visited Tambov several times and lived there sometimes for several weeks. The purpose of the study is to supplement biographical information about the poet N.I. Glazkov.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. The material for the study was letters written by the poet to his Tambov acquaintances, his friendly messages and diary entries. During the analysis of these materials, historical-literary and literarybiographical methods were used.

RESEARCH RESULTS. From the moment the poet first met Tambov, he developed strong friendly and creative relationships with the Tambov creative environment. The correspondence revealed by comparing the contents of N.I. Glazkov’s letters to Tambov addressees with the poet’s diary entries allows us to draw a conclusion about the autobiographical nature of these letters, as well as clarify some facts of the poet’s biography.

CONCLUSION. N.I. Glazkov’s connection with the Tambov region is one of the most significant pages in his creative biography. The practical significance of this conclusion lies in the possibility of using the epistolary heritage for further research into the creative biography of the poet and establishing his influence on the literary process in Tambov in the 1950s–1970s.

INTRODUCTION. The purpose of the research is to study the urban text in the reflection of the artistic worldview of the historical novel by Odil Yoqubov “Treasures of Ulugbek”, which allows to consider the work based on the analysis of the place and action of events.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. The research material is the historical novel by O. Yoqubov “Treasures of Ulugbek”. The descriptive method, chronotopic, motivic and geopoetic approaches are used.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. It is determined that the historical existence of the city of Samarkand in the work of art defined the behavior of the characters: the image of the city acts as a secondary character, becomes a direct participant in cultural and historical events.

CONCLUSION. The analysis of the artistic worldview of the historical novel by O. Yoqubov “Treasures of Ulugbek” shows that the atmosphere of everyday life of Samarkand residents of the 15th century includes cultural, historical, chronological, aesthetic aspects, with the help of which the direct connection in the image of a person, his feelings, and the surrounding reality is recreated. It is proved that the toponym Samarkand is a kind of artistic chronotype that allows to represent the unity of national and regional culture, to realize through the past historical urban reality and to assert that the image of the city of Samarkand is the basis of the artistic thinking of the novel author O. Yoqubov.

INTRODUCTION. Journalism includes, along with creative and reproductive origins, because it is a mass media production. It should be said that in any sphere of human activity these beginnings interact with each other. But in journalism, this process is complicated by the fact that the author, creating a new product, often works according to a certain technology, solving, as a rule, typical problems. With the development of neural networks, which create media texts on an equal footing with journalists, the categories of “creativity” and “authorship” are becoming the subject of scientific discussion. The subject of the study is creativity and journalistic creativity functioning in the era of neural networks development. The aim is to reveal the essence of creativity, which can exist as a product of human activity rather than a computer system that only imitates the processes that take place in the human brain.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. General scientific methods were used in the work: theoretical and conceptual synthesis of philosophical, cultural, and psychological sources, and the literature devoted to the issues of journalistic creativity and the use of neural networks in spiritual production was studied.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION. The social essence of journalistic creativity, which results in human spiritual and thinking activity, was substantiated. While neural network has neither consciousness nor intuition that generates creative process.

CONCLUSION. Interaction between a human and a neural network in the creation of an original work is impossible on conditions of parity, as creative activity is always personally motivated and controlled by the subject. The field of application of the results of this article can be the psychology of journalistic creativity. In the perspective of scientific research, the issues of substantiating the criteria for evaluating artistic, journalistic, and publicistic works created by a machine.  

INTRODUCTION. Studying the features of text generative neural networks is an important step in the development of artificial intelligence. Despite the fact that the models have shown high efficiency in solving various problems in the field of journalism and media communications, they have a number of disadvantages. When working with neural networks, you can encounter both gross grammatical and semantic errors. To identify the leader in the most productive text generation, it is necessary to conduct a comparative analysis of the data produced by various services.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. In the Russian segment, the most developed neural network services are GigaChat and YandexGPT. To conduct a comparative analysis, the most discussed and generally recognized service was selected – GhatGPT. The study was carried out over several months: September–December 2023. The methodology is based on philological analysis of generated texts and comparison of the accuracy of query output of selected models.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Philological and grammatical analysis of the three models allows us to determine the relevance of services for work in the field of journalism and media communications, as well as the software and technical limitations of neural networks. The analysis showed the presence of certain patterns in all neural network models. Generation is carried out according to a preprogrammed scenario. The result consists of a number of factors: the presence of names, abbreviations and wishes specified in the request. Only ChatGPT showed the absence of any censorship; other models refused to generate if the request contained words or names prohibited by the developer.

CONCLUSION. The findings can be applied in practice in the media, blogging and media sphere. All three services have their positive and negative sides. According to the results of the study, ChatGPT is currently the leader in text generation and processing. Leadership of the service is ensured due to a wide range of capabilities and stability in issuing answers to requests. However, due to the availability of a large amount of information on the Internet necessary for rapid training of Russian networks, the situation may change in the near future.

RELEVANCE. The study examined the processes of formation and development of the national television channel “Sakha” (broadcasting territory – the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)). Based on materials from regulatory documents and publications in periodicals, the author systematizes the creation and functioning of a national regional television channel. The chronological scope of the study (from 2002 to 2012) is determined by the following factors: 2002 – the opening of the republican television broadcasting channel in the region, 2012 – the beginning of the formation of a new infrastructure of Russian television in connection with the transition to digital broadcasting. Purpose of the study: to analyze and record the stages of formation of the national television channel in Yakutia in the period from creation to the transition to digital broadcasting.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. The empirical base of the study consists of periodicals stored in the National Library of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) named after A.S. Pushkin, which reflect the events of the period under study, as well as materials from regulatory documents. The study used comparative historical analysis and a systematic method.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION. The analysis made it possible to reveal that the state policy of the region actively contributed to the development of regional television of the period under study by updating and expanding its material and technical base, which led to an improvement in indicators at various levels - an increase in broadcasting volumes, an increase in the number of television programs in the Yakut language, as well as the creation of a fundamentally different from the post-Soviet model of the TV channel concept.

CONCLUSION. The results of the study may be useful for further study of the history of television in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in the context of the overall development of the modern media system of the region and the country as a whole.

INTRODUCTION. The study examines the history, development, licensing features, and financial problems of the South Korean broadcasting corporation KBS. The relevance of the topic is due to insufficient knowledge of the influence of the Korean wave and South Korean media companies on the global media market. The goal is to show the features of KBS’s development strategy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. Aspects of the Korean wave, the history of the formation of KBS, its development trends in 2023 and 2024, and broadcasting directions in 2024 are studied. The media products of the South Korean international radio station KBS World Radio, broadcasting in Russian, are considered. The reasons for the occurrence and ways to solve the financial difficulties of KBS are analyzed. Conclusions about KBS development trends are made on the basis of media materials published on the company’s websites, as well as South Korean media news covering changes in the features of paying for the KBS television license. The works of researchers on the features of the Korean wave and KBS’s strategy to combat advertising addiction are considered.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION. KBS’s activities are aimed at creating a healthy broadcasting culture and objective news programs and promoting Korean culture. KBS officials announced their broadcast policy for 2024, focusing on ensuring impartiality and promoting innovative content across various media platforms to expand their audience reach. Media company KBS is expected to face significant challenges in 2024. Domestic and international competition for content, changes in the media landscape and KBS’s license fee collection have caused financial problems.

CONCLUSION. KBS influences the global media market by promoting the Korean Wave. The radio station KBS World Radio creates content for the Russian audience. The experience of South Korean entertainment media can be used for the activities of leading Russian television and radio broadcasting corporations. The results of the study can be used to increase the quality of Russian analogues of Korean media products. The findings add to the consideration of methods for promoting national culture among young people around the world.

RELEVANCE. The relationship between politics and sports is a pressing issue, since political contradictions between states are reflected in sports. Major sporting events are not just competitions between athletes, but also fierce political struggles. Through professional sports with the help of various media technologies, it is possible to influence global society and achieve geopolitical results. The relationship between elite sports and politics is considered using the example of the exclusion of Russian sports from international competitions and materials about this in the media.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. Materials from foreign media have been studied on the topic of removing Russia from big-time sports, depriving it of state symbols, removing Russian athletes from international competitions due to disagreement with the political course of the authorities of the Russian Federation, and the introduction of so-called sanctions in the field of sports. The study was based on a comparative historical method, which helps to consider the dynamics of the development of relations between Russian sports and the political course of Western countries. The theoretical basis was the work of domestic and foreign researchers of the history and theory of sports. Content analysis was also used to study materials from Russian and foreign media with the aim of determining the attitude of foreign states towards Russian sports and its oppression in the international sports arena from 2014 to 2024.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION. An analysis of foreign media materials confirms that pressure on Russian sports is being exerted by Western countries due to their disagreement with the political course of the Russian Federation. An analysis of sources showed that Western media agree on the issue of sanctions against Russian sports: they support the introduction of restrictions against Russian sports, but at the same time they call such measures an instrument of geopolitics, an instrument of “containing Russia”. This confirms the politicization of sports through the media.

CONCLUSION. Analyzing the content of publications in both foreign and Russian media, we can conclude that pressure on Russian sports and members of the Russian national team began to intensify after the victory of the Russian team in the team event at the Olympic Games in Sochi 2014 and after the Republic of Crimea joined the Russian Federation . After the Russian Armed Forces launched a special military operation in Ukraine, even more sanctions and restrictions were introduced against Russian sports, and Russia was actually excluded from international sports. The author believes that the pressure on Russian sports will only increase.

RELEVANCE. In the modern world, globalization leads to the formation of a single information space and the blurring of boundaries between local and global media. The purpose of the study is to find out how international standards of journalism relate to national and religious ethical norms in the context of globalization, and what prospects exist for the formation of global ethics. The study is aimed at identifying problems and prospects in the field of international standards of journalistic ethics in the context of globalization.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. The object of the study is international and national documents regulating the activities of the media, as well as specific codes adopted in various cultural and religious traditions. We applied a critical analysis of existing approaches and norms in the field of journalism and human rights, as well as possible contradictions and problems associated with the unification of standards. An interdisciplinary approach is used to analyze complex issues related to globalization and journalism.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION. It is shown that, despite globalization and increased international interaction, there is significant diversity in the understanding and application of ethical standards in journalism. However, there is a tendency towards the formation of global ethics, despite existing cultural and religious differences. An example is the gradual approach of Muslim countries to international human rights standards, as well as efforts to take into account the specifics of different cultures in international documents regulating the activities of the media.

CONCLUSION. The study confirms the possibility and necessity of developing universal ethical principles of journalism that take into account the diversity of cultural and religious traditions. At the same time, the role of international documents in promoting dialogue and mutual understanding between journalists from different countries is emphasized. In the future, additional research is required on the practical application of international recommendations in national media systems.

RELEVANCE. In the conditions of constant, constantly changing wars, hostilities and armed conflicts, the role of military journalists, or war correspondents, who broadcast to the whole world from the battlefield, transmit timely and high-quality information from battlefields. These are professionals who are subject to many demands in terms of psychological qualities, resilience and tolerance for uncertainty. A person who does not possess such qualities cannot perform this extremely dangerous and traumatic work. In addition, military journalists are under pressure in modern information and communications conditions, which makes their already difficult work more difficult. At the same time, at the moment there is very little research on the topic of what specific qualities and abilities war correspondents should have to successfully carry out their professional activities. The purpose of the study is to study the factors of resilience and tolerance of uncertainty among military journalists.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. An empirical study was conducted on the resilience and tolerance of uncertainty of 54 war correspondents and 50 journalists who are not involved in covering military events. We studied used the methods of “Vitality Test” by  D.A. Leontyev and E.I. Rasskazova and “Uncertainty Tolerance Scale” by T.V. Kornilova.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION. Statistically significant differences in indicators of resilience and tolerance to uncertainty were identified between groups of war correspondents and journalists, and significant relationships between indicators of resilience and tolerance to uncertainty in groups of war correspondents and journalists were identified and described.

CONCLUSION. The conducted research makes it possible to form a picture of what personal characteristics war correspondents have and to highlight those traits that help them cope with dangerous and stressful working conditions

RELEVANCE. The problem of studying the relationship between the originality of Russian culture and the degree of foreign influence on its development is currently acquiring significant relevance. At the same time, the culturological approach, which describes the development of domestic social thought in the paradigm of “progressive – reactionary”, “ours – not ours,” gives way to an analysis of the specifics of the Russian reality of culture as an object of transfer, adaptation and reception of ideas and concepts taking place at different stages of social development. and reception of ideas and concepts taking place at different stages of social development. The purpose of the study is to comprehensively characterize the publishing business and the sale of literature in Russian and foreign languages in the first quarter of the 18th century.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. In our opinion, for a comprehensive study of the problem of modernization in Russia in the 18th century, it is necessary to take into account hidden factors that reveal the experience of transmitting Western ideas. The most important of them include the practice of distributing European literature, which ensures the formation of a certain cultural environment.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION. Purchasing foreign publications from foreigners living in Russia became an extremely common practice. It was in this way that the “Universal and Historical Lexicon” in German arrived in the library of Peter I. The autocrat personally ordered the purchase of this publication from foreign guests of St. Petersburg and a Russian translation of this work. Those books that could not be purchased personally were purchased by enterprising readers in the Baltic states or ordered from abroad through foreign merchants and Russian travelers.

CONCLUSION. A study of the issues of book printing and book sales of Peter the Great’s time shows the enormous importance of published literature for the dissemination of progressive ideas and scientific knowledge in all layers of reading society. In a short period of time, Peter I was able to organize the production of a huge number of printed works and create conditions for their distribution throughout the country.

RELEVANCE. The study is a brief outline of the initial stage of the formation of a regional system of professional music education. Various aspects of this process are considered, facts and examples are given that characterize this system based on the activities of the Tambov branch of the Imperial Russian Musical Society. The goal is to substantiate the thesis that the regional tradition of public education inherits the best features of the domestic system of professional music education.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. The material obtained through analysis, generalization and systematization of the results of research at the initial stage of the formation of the regional system of music education in the Tambov region is presented.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION. The connection between the regional system of music education and public education and all-Russian and all-European cultural trends and traditions is traced. The main aspects of the work of the Tambov branch of the Imperial Russian Musical Society are highlighted, corresponding to the general liberal direction of social thought of the mid-19th – early 20th centuries. The sociocultural context of the early twentieth century is reconstructed, justifying the installation of busts of M.I. Glinka and A.G. Rubinstein in the niches of the memorial building of the Tambov Music School, now the Tambov State Music-Pedagogical Institute named after S.V. Rachmaninov.

CONCLUSION. The presented material is intended for wide use in the practice of promoting regional cultural heritage, primarily excursion and tourist support for cultural and leisure programs.

INTRODUCTION. Periphrasis, which belongs to the linguistic universal that initially interested rhetoricians, is noted in many languages, including Russian and Uzbek. The attention of scientists to the study of periphrastic units, as a rule, is focused on understanding them in the text of a work of art as a stylistic phenomenon. Meanwhile, the linguocultural situation of the formation of periphrastic units is largely due to the anthropocentric orientation. The important role of periphrasis as a unit of speech-cognitive activity, which is reflected in the secondary periphrastic nomination as one of the means of transmitting knowledge about the objects of the surrounding reality, is always associated with the process of repeating thoughts when perceiving a particular object, process or phenomenon, which emphasizes the relevance of the research. Periphrases have an internal syntax, which allows them to be considered in the aspect of grammaticalization involved in the process of human cognition of the world. The purpose of the study is to consider the structuralsemantic organization and grammatical-syntactic structure of sentences that contain periphrastic units. The novelty of the study lies in the attempt to describe the structure of periphrasis in the Uzbek language in the aspect of grammaticalization of periphrastic units.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. The method of semantic differentiation was used to analyze examples from modern Uzbek literature and translations of works of Russian writers into the Uzbek language.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION. It has been revealed that the structural organization of periphrasis does not occur spontaneously, but on the basis of clearly defined rules.

CONCLUSION. The data obtained have theoretical and applied value, since they record periphrases in the texts of writers’ works as a special type of linguistic organization of artistic knowledge, as well as the unification of two scientific directions – the theory of grammaticalization and the theory of periphraseology.